Glukoosin ja fruktoosin analysointi ultrakorkean erotuskyvyn nestekromatografialla

Tiivistelmä. Monosakkaridien analysointi esimerkiksi elintarvike- ja kudosnäytteistä on tärkeää. Monosakkaridit ovat poolisia, huonosti haihtuvia, useita hydroksyyliryhmiä sisältäviä biomolekyylejä, mikä tekee niiden analysoinnista haastavaa. Ultrakorkean erotuskyvyn nestekromatografia on kohtalaisen uusi analyysimenetelmä, jolla voidaan analysoida biomolekyylejä kuten glukoosia ja fruktoosia. Sen suosioon on vaikuttanut sen herkkyys ja nopeus monien erilaisten näytteiden analysoinnissa. Analyyttien erottuminen tapahtuu kolonnissa. Eri näytteiden tapauksessa on valittava oikeanlainen kolonni, jossa kiinteän faasin eli stationäärifaasin ja tutkittavan analyytin välille muodostuu vuorovaikutuksia. Tutkielmassa perehdyttiin monosakkarideista glukoosin ja fruktoosin analysoinnissa käytettäviin hydrofiilisen vuorovaikutuksen nestekromatografiaan tarkoitettuihin kolonneihin, joissa stationäärifaasi sisälsi amidi- tai aminoryhmiä. Analyysiolosuhteita optimoitiin tutkittavien analyyttien erottumisen mukaan. Tutkimusten perusteella parhaimmaksi kolonniksi monosakkaridien analysointiin valikoitui amidikolonni. Kolonnin pituus vaihteli, mutta vaihtelua oli myös eluentin koostumuksessa, gradientissa, lämpötilassa ja virtausnopeudessa. Tutkimuksissa käytettiin gradienttieluutiota ja eluenttina vesi-asetonitriiliseosta. Vaikutusta oli kolonnin pituudella, virtausnopeudella, kolonniuunin lämpötilalla, eluentin koostumuksella sekä gradientilla. Tehdyissä tutkimuksissa elintarvike- ja seeruminäytteitä pystyttiin analysoimaan luotettavasti ja toistettavasti

Terminating ley with mid-summer bare fallow controls Elymus repens

The results of this study suggest that mid-summer bare fallow is a relative effective way to reduce the amount of Elymus repens when terminating ley. Early started stubble cultivation is also less sensitive to moist weather, leaving more time for exhausting the rhizome reserves of E. repens. Stubble cultivation and catch crop do increase the costs but not as much as bare fallowing for the whole summer would do. Additionally, mid summer bare fallow allows harvesting one forage yield prior to bare fallowing

A framework for overall sustainability assessment of local small-scale energy production - demonstration of an approach

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Patients hospitalized abroad as importers of multiresistant bacteria - a cross-sectional study

Objectives: The pandemic spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a threat to healthcare worldwide, with highest prevalence in indigent regions of the (sub) tropics. As hospitalization constitutes a major risk factor for colonization, infection control management in low-prevalence countries urgently needs background data on patients hospitalized abroad. Methods: We collected data on 1122 patients who, after hospitalization abroad, were treated at the Helsinki University Hospital between 2010 and 2013. They were screened for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Risk factors for colonization were explored by multivariate analysis. Results: MDR colonization rates were higher for those hospitalized in the (sub) tropics (55%; 208/377) compared with temperate zones (17%; 125/745). For ESBL-PE the percentages were 50% (190/377) versus 12% (92/745), CPE 3.2% (12/377) versus 0.4% (3/745) and MRSA 6.6% (25/377) versus 2.4% (18/745). Colonization rates proved highest in those returning from South Asia (77.6%; 38/49), followed by those having visited Latin America (60%; 9/16), Africa (60%; 15/25) and East and Southeast Asia (52.5%; 94/179). Destination, interhospital transfer, short time interval to hospitalization, young age, surgical intervention, residence abroad, visiting friends and relatives, and antimicrobial use proved independent risk factors for colonization. Conclusions: Post-hospitalization colonization rates proved higher in the (sub) tropics than elsewhere; 11% (38/333) of carriers developed an MDR infection. We identified several independent risk factors for contracting MDR bacteria. The data provide a basis for infection control guidelines in low-prevalence countries (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Peer reviewe

Generation of A-type granitic melts during the late Svecofennian metamorphism in southern Finland

Across southern Finland the Late Svecofennian Granite Migmatite zone contains large amounts of migmatites and S-type granites formed during the high temperature and low pressure metamorphism between 1.84 and 1.80 Ga. Within this zone, the Karjaa granite intrudes the surrounding migmatites. The granite is more fine-grained and darker than the surrounding anatectic S-type granites, which are associated with the migmatites. The Karjaa granite cuts the migmatites suggesting that it is coeval or younger than the migmatites. It is a two-feldspar biotite granite containing apatite and zircon as accessory minerals. The granite displays elevated TiO, PO and F contents and is characterized by high Ba, Zr, Nb, and Ga contents. The REE patterns indicate strong enrichment in LREEs and a pronounced europium minimum. The crystallization temperature of the granite is estimated to about 900°C using the PO and Zr-saturation methods. Cathodoluminescence images on zircons indicate core domains and overgrowth structures. SIMS dating of the zircon cores and rims yielded concordia ages of 1880±16 Ma and 1826±11 Ma, respectively. On the basis of these data, it seems that c. 1880 Ma old igneous rocks at deeper crustal levels partially melted during at c. 1825 Ma metamorphism and generated hot melts having a composition close to A-type granites.</p

Adaptive Optics Discovery of Supernova 2004ip in the Nuclear Regions of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 18293-3413

We report a supernova discovery in Ks-band images from the NAOS CONICA adaptive optics (AO) system on the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT). The images were obtained as part of a near-infrared search for highly-obscured supernovae in the nuclear regions of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies. SN 2004ip is located within a circumnuclear starburst at 1.4 arcsec (or 500 pc) projected distance from the K-band nucleus of the luminous infrared galaxy IRAS 18293-3413. The supernova luminosity and light curve are consistent with a core-collapse event suffering from a host galaxy extinction of up to about 40 magnitudes in V-band which is as expected for a circumnuclear starburst environment. This is the first supernova to be discovered making use of AO correction and demonstrates the potential of the current 8-meter class telescopes equipped with AO in discovering supernovae from the innermost nuclear regions of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, ApJ Letters (accepted

Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and deformation in Central Lapland, Finland

Three main ductile deformations, D1-D3, and contemporaneous and later shear zones account for most structures in Central Lapland. The oldest tectono-metamorphic feature is the bedding-parallel, mostly microscopic S1, overprinted by the main foliation S2, which is the most prominent structural feature seen in almost all rock types throughout the study area. Subhorizontal S2 is an axial plane foliation to tight or isoclinal, inclined to recumbent F2 folds. Kinematic indicators in the central and southern parts of the study area indicate a northward transport direction, but close to the S and SW border the Lapland Granulite Belt it may be of opposite direction. F3 folds deform the D2 structures. F3 folding show an extreme variety regarding the fold vergence with N-vergent folds in south, SW-W-vergent folds in north and E-vergent folds in west close to the Kolari shear system. Apparently, the F3 folding seems to be associated with complex tectonic movement directions, from S to N direction in the south, from NE to SW in the north and northeast part, and from W to E in the western part of the study area. Several metamorphic zones have been mapped in the area. These are I) granulite facies migmatitic amphibolites south of the granulite complex (including the so called Tanaelv belt next to the granulites); II) high pressure mid-amphibolite facies rocks south of Zone I, characterised by garnet-kyanite-biotite-muscovite assemblages with local migmatisation in metapelites, garnet-hornblende-plagioclase assemblages in mafic rocks, local cordierite-orthoamphibole rocks intercalated with mafic volcanics; III) low-pressure mid-amphibolite facies rocks south of Zone II, garnet-andalusite-staurolite- chlorite-muscovite assemblages with retrograde chloritoid and kyanite in metapelites, hornblende-plagioclase-quartz±garnet in metabasites; IV) greenschist facies rocks of the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, fine-grained white mica-chlorite-biotite-albite-quartz in metapelites, actinolite-albite-chlorite-epidote-carbonate in metabasites; V) prograde metamorphism south of Zone IV from lower amphibolite facies (andalusite-kyanite- staurolite-muscovite-chlorite±chloritoid schists, V.1-2) to mid-amphibolite facies (kyanite-andalusite-staurolite-biotite-muscovite gneisses, V.3) and upper amphibolite facies garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneisses (V.5); VI) amphibolite facies pluton-derived metamorphism related with heat flow from central and western Lapland granitoids, where Zone VI.2 represents both andalusite and sillimanite-present, and Zone VI.3 only sillimanite-present, andalusite absent gneisses. Pelitic rocks exhibit decompressional PT paths where andalusite grade metamorphism was preceded by higher pressure. Metamorphism was partly related with tectonic thickening during overthrusting of the Lapland Granulite Belt to the south, but the present metamorphic structure may record later, postmetamorphic faulting and folding events.</p

Scattering of light by a large, densely packed agglomerate of small silica spheres

We model the measured phase function and degree of linear polarization of a macroscopic agglomerate made of micrometer-scale silica spheres using the methodology of multiple scattering. In the laboratory work, the agglomerate is produced ballistically, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and measured with the PROGRA(2) instrument to obtain the light scattering properties. The model phase function and degree of polarization are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. To our best knowledge, this is the first time the degree of linear polarization has been modeled well for a large, densely packed agglomerate composed of small particles with known sizes and shapes. The study emphasizes the relevance of the degree of linear polarization and gives insights into the effects of particle aggregation on the scattering characteristics. (C) 2020 Optical Society of AmericaPeer reviewe